These are commonly used terms but entirely my definitions. But they are useful and you'll see these pop up frequently. Feel free to tell me to add to them (or change the definitions).
Exmormon (exmo, etc.): Someone that has identified herself with LDS church enough to have felt that to stop attending is a separation, a departure from part of herself. Baptised or not, temple endowed or still a youth, once you've been invested in the LDS church enough, leaving can be difficult, emotional and it makes you an ex-mormon.
You may find that much of your conversation (internal dialogue included) still is trying to reconcile yourself with all the time invested in the church.
An ex-mormon is NOT defined as someone angry at the church (she may or may not be, it's irrelevant) or offended or leaving because of "sin". Those are statements some members generally apply to someone that has left the church but it's just not true. I remember well (on many occasions) when church leadership told us that most people leave the church "because they are offended" and that they become anti-mormon. As a result, many members have a fear of or un-comfortableness with exmormons.
Note: For the still member folks, this is commonly a source of humor for exmormons... they will jokingly ask "So which reason did you leave the church, because you were offended or sinning?" pointing out the misconceptions about those that leave the faith.
PostMormon: Someone who no longer is heavily influenced by the church but it is inevitably part of his life. The post implies that it is in the past, and he has moved on. While it still may be emotional and painful at times, the need to tell people about this aspect of his life begins to fade.
In some ways, postmormon feels like the ultimate goal because then he is free from the self-doubt, free from looking over his shoulder when things are going "too well" waiting for some kind of trial.
At the same time, there is a loss of that connection with others that once was there. For some people, this separation is something they just don't want. Think of it this way, after the loss of a close family member, it's healthy to move on, but naturally some are loathe to give up on the memories.
TBM [Totally Believing Mormon]: This is the term for people that are still fully invested and, more importantly, still fully believing. TBM folks are often characterized by their zealousness in defending the faith and are rarely willing to listen to details that aren't "faith promoting". I.e. they don't want to know about any of the church history details.
It's also important to not that a TBM member doesn't believe that she is being close-minded and she will insist that she has read church history, knows the dirty details but also "knows" that most of that is fabrication and out of context.
In reality though, rarely do they even know the details.
Please note that some faithful members are not like this, they are open-minded, willing to listen, and can hear the facts of history without wincing (too much) but these people are called...
NOM [New Order Mormon]: New order mormons are people that realize there are some serious issues with church history, they recognize they do not have all the "answers" and yet they have legitimate reasons for wanting to stay in the church. For some it is family, for others it is the good that they feel they are doing, for many it is their children or spouse. For some even it is because he is hoping that the eternal reward is there and he knows no other way to attain it.
There is also a category of NOMs that are hoping to change the church, to help it evolve and become a more diverse place.
It deserves to be recognized that the world for a NOM is complex. Reconciling a diverging world view (with gay marriage, women's issues, and other social issues) from one that evolves in lock step (the LDS church continues to change/evolve but only as mandated from presidency) is not an easily done.
Nevermo: Yes, never been Mormon. Sometimes used to refer to a spouse or SO that never joined the church. I.e. "my nevermo husband"
Polyandry: While the church now officially calls it "plural marriage" to distance itself from the uglier word polygamy, in reality, the church during Joseph Smith and Brigham Young's time practiced both polygamy and polyandry. Polyandry is when a woman has more than one husband. There are several well-documented cases in which Joseph Smith (and Brigham Young) "married" women that were already married. This is disturbing to TBM folks, so please be careful with this. A well-documented and unbiased list is here and includes several polyandrous and other difficult to reconcile relationships
Anti-mormon: There are two definitions of the anti-mormon including the TBM version and the non-TBM version. Strictly speaking anti-mormon means anything that actively promotes the disintegration of mormonism. To the disappointment of NOMs, exmormons and postmormons though, the TBM church labels even historical record that isn't "faith promoting" as being anti-mormon. A curious example being that on BYU campus, if you try to read the Journal of Discourses written by LDS prophets including Brigham Young, your internet access to that content is blocked. Why? Well, since the Journal of Discourses is no longer an "official publication" of the church it isn't "faith promoting" right? Therefore it is anti.
[list of terms not complete]
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